Comparison Passed House
Farm Bill 2.0 vs Reconciliation Law H.R. 1
What's in the 2026 farm bill vs the 2025 budget reconciliation law (H.R. 1). Most commodity, crop insurance, and SNAP policy was locked in by H.R. 1; the farm bill adds incremental changes.
Why this comparison matters
To understand current U.S. agricultural policy, you have to read two laws together:
- H.R. 1, the 2025 budget reconciliation law (“One Big Beautiful Bill Act”)
- Farm Bill 2.0, the Farm, Food, and National Security Act of 2026 (H.R. 7567)
H.R. 1 locked in commodity, crop insurance, and SNAP policy through 2031. The 2026 farm bill is narrower, it addresses what reconciliation couldn’t.
Reading either alone gives you an incomplete picture.
What H.R. 1 (2025) did
SNAP changes (~$187B in 10-year cuts)
- State cost-shifts (states pay portion of benefits)
- Tighter ABAWD work requirements
- Reduced state administrative flexibility
- Limits on Standard Utility Allowance increases
- Tighter income verification
Commodity programs (locked through 2031)
- PLC and ARC reference price increases
- Modified ARC/PLC formulas
- DMC tier expansions for dairy
- Sugar program updates
- Most cotton-specific provisions
- Most peanut-specific provisions
- Most rice-specific provisions
Crop insurance (locked through 2031)
- Premium subsidy levels for non-veteran producers
- Coverage levels for major commodity crops
- Whole-Farm Revenue Protection parameters
- Margin Protection policies
What the 2026 farm bill adds
The 2026 farm bill makes incremental changes on top of H.R. 1:
Title I, Commodities (incremental)
- TAP expansion
- Specialty crop emergency framework
- Dairy Forward Pricing made permanent
- Marketing loans repayable during shutdown
- Propane storage facility loans
- Tobacco restored as CCC commodity
Title II, Conservation (substantial)
- $786M EQIP cut redistributed
- Brand-new FCEP
- Precision ag at 90% cost-share
- ACEP exemption from AGI limits
- New State Soil Health Program
Title III, Trade (substantial)
- Food for Peace moved to USDA
- 50% U.S. commodity floor
- MAP doubled to $400M+
- FMD doubled
- Common name protection
Title IV, Nutrition (limited; H.R. 1 cuts kept)
- Hot rotisserie chicken eligibility
- State certification outsourcing
- Local food purchasing grants
- $187B in cuts NOT reversed
Title V, Credit (substantial)
- Higher loan limits
- Heirs’ property relending
- Beginning farmer pilot
- Streamlined applications
Title VI, Rural Development (substantial)
- REAP expanded to ag co-ops
- Satellite broadband eligible
- Rural mental health prioritized
- Small meat processor grants
- Veterans farming grants
Title VII, Research (substantial)
- 1890 land-grant funding increase
- NASS Modernization Commission
- FRSAN expansion
- Veterinary workforce programs
Title VIII, Forestry (substantial)
- NEPA categorical exclusions expanded
- Wildfire mitigation funding
- HFRP repealed
Title IX, Energy (limited)
- BioPreferred extended
- Biorefinery Assistance funding cut
- Solar on farmland restrictions
Title X, Horticulture (substantial)
- $30M specialty crop research
- $20M specialty crop automation
- Organic cost-share raised to $200K
- Hemp regulatory burden reduced
- Pesticide rules clarified (preemption stripped on floor)
Title XI, Crop Insurance (limited)
- Veteran subsidy expansion
- Quality loss adjustment review
- Pilot programs
Title XII, Miscellaneous (substantial)
- Prop 12 federal preemption
- Animal disease traceability provisions
- Cattle Fever Tick review
- Foreign farmland ownership reporting
- Agricultural cybersecurity
Practical implication
If you produce a major commodity crop (corn, wheat, soybeans, cotton, rice, peanuts, dairy):
- Most of your safety net comes from H.R. 1
- The 2026 farm bill makes targeted additional changes
If you produce specialty crops, livestock, or are in conservation:
- Most relevant changes come from the 2026 farm bill
- H.R. 1 has less direct impact
If you receive SNAP:
- The cuts that affect you come from H.R. 1
- The farm bill keeps those cuts in place